The Impact of Climate Change on Life Expectancy in the UK

change, considered a proxy for climate change in the United
Kingdom, on life expectancy using annual data from 1990–2021.
Government expenditure is used as a control variable. The Fourier
function-based bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag model is
utilized to examine the cointegration among variables. The analysis
outcomes reveal a long-term relationship between life expectancy,
surface temperature change, and government expenditure.
Furthermore, the findings reveal that surface temperature change
significantly reduces life expectancy in the long run, while there is
no significant relationship between the two variables in the short
term. The Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis results show a
unidirectional causality relationship between surface temperature
change and life expectancy. Additionally, a significant bidirectional
causality relationship is found between life expectancy and
government expenditure.