Anotace:
The study is focused on several aspects present in Ambrose’s treatise De paenitentia, namely his ecclesiology with respect to the theology and practice of penance. The primary purpose of De paenitentia was the confrontation with the heresy of Ambrose’s time when so-called Novatians denied the possibility of penance and absolution for the Christians who committed a serious crime after baptism. Ambrose’s reaction is not only the targeted polemic with this rigorism, but in his treatise, he further develops the structured theology of penance. After a brief historical summary of the roots of Novatian heresy as a reaction to the problem with the lapsi who denied the faith during Decius’ persecution, this paper focuses on Ambrose’s arguments in favour of Church as a welcoming place even for sinners. Ambrose uses several biblical images, such as the Good Samaritan, Peter the Apostle, Lazarus, and female figures from the Gospels, to show the value and importance of penance and the role of the Church, who got from Christ the power to ‘bind and loose’. Despite the different practice of penance in the early church, Ambrose’s exegesis and image of the Church as the inn where everybody can be welcomed and cured, no matter in which condition he or she is coming, can serve as an inspiration also for today’s discussion about the character of the Church.