Alternative methods of sulfur dioxide used in wine production

and consumers due to its antiseptic and antioxidant properties. However, excessive sulfites caused some symptoms such as a headache,
nausea, stomach irritation and respiratory distress in asthmatic patients. Additionally, excessive SO2 in winemaking process leads to
organoleptic changes of final product. For these reasons, the maximum SO2 concentrations allowed in wines were gradually reduced. In
the wine industry it is essential to reduce or even eliminate SO2 especially in the production of organic wines. These obstacles lead to
requirements of new healthier and safety strategies for reduction of SO2. Up to know have been discussed the priorities of SO2 used in
wine making. Recently some authors evaluated studies with chemical and non-thermal alternatives of SO2. Some other authors reviewed
the side effects of SO2 used in wines, but none of them have comprised the effects of new techniques in grape, must, wine and pomace.
This review discussed effects of different alternatives (thermal, non-thermal, chemical and natural additives) techniques demonstrated in
grape, must, wine and pomace as possible alternative to SO2 in comprehensive manner. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and sensory
properties of tannin, oak and vine shoot extracts are also discussed as new alternatives of SO2. The studies demonstrated that SO2 could
be lowered and even changed by using the development of new methods.